• Oxygen tension emerged as a central modulator of radiosensitivity, with studies showing higher tumor cell kill in well-oxygenated environments and proposing oxygenation strategies prior to and during irradiation to improve treatment efficacy [3], [4], [5].

• Dose estimation and distribution concerns in radiotherapy planning are central, addressing tissue heterogeneity (bone, lung, pelvis) and methods to estimate dose at points of interest to ensure accurate targeting and safe margins [6], [7], [17], [10].

• Biological mechanisms of radiation injury, recovery, and lethality were modeled through cellular survival curves, whole-body irradiation recovery, and organ-specific morphologies enabling dose–response understanding and windows for recovery [2], [1], [12], [18], [19].

• Clinical management and treatment planning themes highlight practical strategies, including clinical applications, management of hopeless thoracic neoplasms, pediatric irradiation histories, and histology-informed radiotherapy considerations [4], [20], [8], [11].